less than ~, or less

Beginner

15-20 min

common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Indicates quantity equal to or less than.

[Number/Noun] + 以下

12歳以下の子供は無料です。

Juunisai ika no kodomo wa muryou desu.

Children 12 years old or younger are free.

1000円以下のものを探しています。

Senyen ika no mono wo sagashite imasu.

I am looking for something 1000 yen or less.

以下 includes the number itself (≤), not just less than (<).

～以上

more than ~, since ~

～以内

within ~, less than ~

～てもいいです

may do ~, it's okay to do ~

～てはいけません

must not do ~, not allowed to do ~

～なければなりません

must do ~, have to do ~

～なくてもいいです

don't have to do ~, don't need to do ~

Common in age limits, prices, rules.

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 2

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