instead of, in exchange for

Beginner

15-20 min

very common

Checked against our selection criteria

Explanation

Indicates substitution or compensation.

[Verb/Noun] + かわりに / のかわりに

バスのかわりに電車で行った。

Basu no kawari ni densha de itta.

I went by train instead of bus.

手伝ってくれたかわりに、ご飯をおごった。

Tetsudatte kureta kawari ni, gohan wo ogotta.

In exchange for helping me, I treated them to a meal.

Can mean both substitution and compensation.

～反面

on the other hand, while

～に違いない

must be ~, no doubt that ~, undoubtedly

～に関して/関する

regarding ~, concerning ~, about ~

～について/つい

about ~, concerning ~

～に伴って/伴い/伴う

along with ~, as ~ (changes)

Practice both substitution and exchange meanings.

JLPTBooks

Independent learner-run project

Last updated: Jan 2

Study with our comprehensive grammar guides and practice materials.