starting with, including

Beginner

15-20 min

very common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Introduces the first or most important example.

[Noun] + をはじめ（として）

社長をはじめ、社員全員が出席した。

Shachou wo hajime, shain zenin ga shusseki shita.

Starting with the president, all employees attended.

東京をはじめとして、大都市は物価が高い。

Toukyou wo hajime to shite, daitoshi wa bukka ga takai.

Starting with Tokyo, big cities have high prices.

Lists most important first.

～を中心に（して）

centered on, focusing on

～に違いない

must be ~, no doubt that ~, undoubtedly

～に関して/関する

regarding ~, concerning ~, about ~

～について/つい

about ~, concerning ~

～に伴って/伴い/伴う

along with ~, as ~ (changes)

Common for listing examples.

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 2

Study with our comprehensive grammar guides and practice materials.