on top of, in addition to, moreover

Beginner

15-20 min

very common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Adds information, emphasizing accumulation.

[Verb/い-adj/な-adj/Noun] + うえに

彼は頭がいい上に、スポーツもできる。

Kare wa atama ga ii ue ni, supootsu mo dekiru.

He is smart and moreover good at sports.

忙しい上に、給料も安い。

Isogashii ue ni, kyuuryou mo yasui.

On top of being busy, the salary is also low.

Can be positive or negative accumulation.

～上で / ～上では

in terms of, in doing, from the standpoint of

～ことから

from the fact that, because

～に違いない

must be ~, no doubt that ~, undoubtedly

～に関して/関する

regarding ~, concerning ~, about ~

～について/つい

about ~, concerning ~

～に伴って/伴い/伴う

along with ~, as ~ (changes)

Practice stacking multiple qualities.

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 2

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