by means of ~, depending on ~, due to ~

Advanced

20-30 min

common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Indicates means, agent, cause, or variation.

[Noun] + によって/による

この本は夏目漱石によって書かれました。

Kono hon wa Natsume Souseki ni yotte kakaremashita.

This book was written by Natsume Soseki.

人によって意見が違います。

Hito ni yotte iken ga chigaimasu.

Opinions differ depending on the person.

Multiple meanings: means, agent, cause, variation.

～に違いない

must be ~, no doubt that ~, undoubtedly

～に関して/関する

regarding ~, concerning ~, about ~

～について/つい

about ~, concerning ~

～に伴って/伴い/伴う

along with ~, as ~ (changes)

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 10

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