while ~ing, although ~

Advanced

20-30 min

common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Indicates simultaneous actions or contradiction.

[Verb ます-stem] + つつ

音楽を聞きつつ、勉強します。

Ongaku wo kikitsutsu, benkyou shimasu.

I study while listening to music.

悪いと知りつつ、やってしまった。

Warui to shiritsutsu, yatte shimatta.

Although I knew it was wrong, I did it.

Formal/literary. Two meanings: simultaneous or contradiction.

～に違いない

must be ~, no doubt that ~, undoubtedly

～に関して/関する

regarding ~, concerning ~, about ~

～について/つい

about ~, concerning ~

～に伴って/伴い/伴う

along with ~, as ~ (changes)

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 10

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