by ~, due to ~, depending on ~

Intermediate

15-20 min

very common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Indicates agent, cause, or variation.

[Noun] + によって/による

この本は村上春樹によって書かれた。

Kono hon wa Murakami Haruki ni yotte kakareta.

This book was written by Haruki Murakami.

国によって文化が違います。

Kuni ni yotte bunka ga chigaimasu.

Culture differs depending on the country.

Multiple meanings - agent of passive, cause, or variation.

～ために (tame ni)

in order to ~, for the purpose of ~

～のに (noni)

although ~, despite ~, even though ~

～にもかかわらず

despite ~, in spite of ~

～ようになる

come to ~, become able to ~, reach the point where ~

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 10

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