since, now that, as long as

Beginner

15-20 min

common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Indicates obligation or expectation given condition.

[Verb plain form] + 以上（は）

社会人である以上、責任を持つべきだ。

Shakaijin de aru ijou, sekinin wo motsu beki da.

Since you are a working adult, you should be responsible.

引き受けた以上、途中でやめられない。

Hikiuketa ijou, tochuu de yamerarenai.

Now that I've accepted, I can't quit midway.

Similar to からには but more formal.

～からには

since, now that, as long as

～ために (tame ni)

in order to ~, for the purpose of ~

～のに (noni)

although ~, despite ~, even though ~

～にもかかわらず

despite ~, in spite of ~

～ようになる

come to ~, become able to ~, reach the point where ~

Often followed by obligation expressions.

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 2

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