in addition to, moreover, besides

Beginner

15-20 min

very common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Indicates addition to existing condition.

[Plain form/Noun + の/である] + 上に

彼女は頭がいい上に、スポーツもできる。

Kanojo wa atama ga ii ue ni, supootsu mo dekiru.

In addition to being smart, she is also good at sports.

安い上に、品質もいい。

Yasui ue ni, hinshitsu mo ii.

Besides being cheap, the quality is also good.

Both conditions usually same valence.

～上で

after, upon, for the purpose of

～ために (tame ni)

in order to ~, for the purpose of ~

～のに (noni)

although ~, despite ~, even though ~

～にもかかわらず

despite ~, in spite of ~

～ようになる

come to ~, become able to ~, reach the point where ~

Great for listing multiple good/bad qualities.

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 2

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