after, at the end of, as a result of

Intermediate

20-25 min

common

Expert Reviewed

Explanation

Indicates a result after a process or period.

[Verb た-form/Noun の] + 末(に)

長い議論の末、合意に達した。

Nagai giron no sue, goui ni tasshita.

After long discussions, we reached an agreement.

悩んだ末に、転職を決めた。

Nayanda sue ni, tenshoku wo kimeta.

After much deliberation, I decided to change jobs.

Implies the process was long or difficult.

～に先立って

prior to, before, preceding

～ために (tame ni)

in order to ~, for the purpose of ~

～のに (noni)

although ~, despite ~, even though ~

～にもかかわらず

despite ~, in spite of ~

～ようになる

come to ~, become able to ~, reach the point where ~

Emphasizes the effort or time spent.

JLPTBooks Editorial Team

Japanese Language Education Specialists

Last updated: Jan 2

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